The Need of Watchfulness -
Hull's Surrender - General Wadsworth and Perkins go to the Front
Behind the fringed
border of settlement and frontier cabins was a power which gave
constant apprehension of danger. Although weakened by
defeat at Fallen Timbers and pledged to peace by Wayne's
treaty at Greenville, in 1795, there was reason for distrusting
the Indians, and every able-bodied man held himself in readiness
for defense at any time. An Indian is always prepared for
war. The tools with which he secures his daily food are
his implements in battle; he needs no commissary, the trees are
his fortifications and hidden forest paths his army roads.
Besides his slyness and shyness and deep-seated hatred of the
whites there were active influences at work which made the
situation especially alarming. The revolution and treaty
of 1783 was not a final settlement of affairs between England
and the United States. The British crown had been forced
to recognize American independence, but continued to cherish
jealous resentment and neglected no opportunity to throw
obstacles in the way of the young nation's growth. The
Indian tribes of the West were found ready and useful
instruments in carrying out this line of public policy.
British agents were tireless in their efforts to incite
insurrection and instigate savage cruelty as a means of checking
the growth and development of the North west. By making
the Indian warriors a standing army of enemies to the United
States England preserved a formidable ally when the inevitable
conflict should come. The magnificent and complete success
of Wayne's expedition frustrated for a time these inhuman
foreign intrigues. But jealousy is an active force and
while it exists cannot long be restrained.
The rapid progress of western settlement was explained
to the Indian to mean the extinction of his race. His
pride, his prudence, and his hope were appealed to in persuading
him to rally once more to the defense of his home and hunting
ground. British agents found in Tecumseh an agent
whose talents made him able, and whose ambition made him willing
to serve their purpose. As early as 1805 this wily chief
began to organize a confederacy of tribes, ostensibly at first
for the purpose of effecting much-needed reforms. He
sought to soften tribal prejudices and to re-establish original
manners and customs. By reuniting hostile nations his influence
became almost imperial. He was unceasing in his toil.
His reputation as a sagacious counselor and warrior secured for
him everywhere considerate at tention. Having succeeded in
effecting a general union, he proceeded to his second step in a
manner which compliments his cunning. Superstition was
summoned to his aid. The Prophet, his brother, began to
dream dreams and see visions. The fame of his divine
commission spread throughout the forest, and believing pilgrims
received British teaching at the shrine of the Prophet.
Meanwhile, Tecumseh's activity was
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FIRST REGIMENT.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.
Captain Nathaniel King
Captain George W. Hawley
Captain Martin Smith
Captain Solomon Griswold
Captain James A. Harper
Captain Charles Parker
Captain Josiah Cleveland
Captain Lorenzo Carter
Lieutenant Seth Harrington
Lieutenant Stephen Brown
Lieutenant David Randall
Lieutenant Thomas Martin
Lieutenant Ebenezer Hewens.
Lieutenant Joel Paine
Lieutenant Jedediah Baird
Lieutenant Nathaniel Drane
Ensign Daniel Sawtell
Ensign John Henderson
Ensign Zopher Case
Ensign Skene Sackett
Ensign George Caldwell
Ensign Ela S. Clapp
Ensign Lyman Benton
Ensign Samuel Jones |
[Page 85] -
SECOND REGIMENT
Captain Homer Hine
Captain eli Baldwin
Captain John Struthers
Captain Barnabas Harris
Captain George Todd
Captain Samuel Tylee
Captain James Applegate
Captain George Phelps
Captain William Bushell
Captain Henry Rodgers
Captain Thomas Wright
Captain Ezra Wyatt
Captain John Oviatt
Lieutenant Aaron Collar
Lieutenant Josiah Walker
Lieutenant John Russell
Lieutenant James Lynn
Lieutenant Moses Latta
Lieutenant Edward Schofield
Lieutenant Henry Hickman
Lieutenant James Heaton
Lieutenant Daniel Humison
Lieutenant John Diver
Lieutenant William Chard
Lieutenant Gersham Judson
Lieutenant Aaron Norton
Ensign Jacob Parkhurst
Ensign Nathaniel Blakesley
Ensign William Henry
Ensign James Struthers
Ensign Henry Hull
Ensign John Smith
Ensign John Elliott
Ensign John Ewalt
Ensign Ebenezer N. Combs
Ensign John Campbell
Ensign David Moore
Ensign Thomas Kennedy
Ensign James Walker |
The county of
Trumbull was constituted one brigade. The second
brigade consisted of the then regiments from Columbiana and
Jefferson counties. Martin Smith and
Lorenzo Carter were chosen majors for the first
and second battalion respectively of the first regiment, and
James Applegate and Henry Rodgers
of the two battalions of the second regiment, all being
promoted from the captaincy. Between 1804 and 1812,
owing to increase of settlement, the fourth division was
divided into four brigades, commanded by Generals
Miller, Beall, Perkins, and Paine.
The third brigade, commanded by General Simon
Perkins, embraced the present counties of Mahoning,
Ashtabula, and Trumbull; the fourth brigade (General
Paine's) embraced all the Reserve west of the third.
In 1812 Cleveland, Mansfield, and Urbana were the
frontier towns in Ohio. There were a few scattered
settlements west of the Cuyahoga
in the Reserve, but they were totally unable to make
defense, even against the Indians.
General Perkins' brigade consisted of
three regiments, commanded by Lieutenant-colonels William
Rayen, J. S. Edwards, and Richard Hayes.
The Ohio militia before the War of 1812 followed the example
of the Continental establishment after the Revolution, and
had no colonels, the command being vested in
lieutenant-colonels, who by courtesy were generally called,
except in official correspondence, colonels. The
regiment numbered about five hundred men. Congress,
anticipating war, passed an act in February, 1812,
increasing the United States army. It provided for a
regiment of volunteers from Ohio and Kentucky, of which
Samuel H. Wells was commissioned colonel, and John
Miller, of Steubenville, lieutenant-colonel.
George Tod was subsequently appointed major of the
regiment, which was listed as the Seventeenth United States.
Tod previous to his commission in the regular army
had been brigade-major and inspector to General
Perkins. The news of the war preparations caused
considerable apprehension on the frontiers on account of the
open hostility of the Indians. General
Perkins' first significant document was the following:
BRIGADE ORDERS,
Third brigade, Fourth division, Ohio
militia, issued 28th of April, 1812, to Lieutenant-colonels
William Rayen, Richard Hayes and
John S. Edwards.
SIR: You are hereby required to cause to be raised
within the regiment over which you have command, if they can
be raised by voluntary enlistment, twenty-three good and
able bodied men, to serve in the service of the United
States as a detachment from the militia of this State.
If that number of men cannot be attained by voluntary
enrollment, you are required to cause to be raised by draft
and on your regiment thirteen men of the above description,
to be taken from the respective companies composing the
same, in proportion to the numbers in each. In whatever way
the detachment from the Third brigade, Fourth division, Ohio
militia, may be raised, it is to be officered in the manner
as the law directs. On the execution of this order,
you are to make the brigadier of the aforesaid brigade a
return of the men enrolled or drafted by the 9th day of May
next. The above order is issued in consequence of
recent and pressing orders from the President of the United
States, through the major-general of Fourth division of Ohio
militia. The detachment from your regiment shall
rendezvous at some convenient place in your regiment, as you
shall order, on the 14th of May next, when it will receive
further orders.
The above orders are to be executed with the greatest
possible promptitude and dispatch.
For information you are referred to a statute of the
United
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States, passed the 6th day of February, 1812, entitled: “An act
authorizing the President of the United States to accept and
organize certain volunteer military corps," likewise to the
statute of the State of Ohio regulating the militia thereof
April 27, 1812. By order of
SIMON PERKINs, brigadier.
George Tod, brigade major
and inspector.
MORE TO COME..
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