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Mahoning County, Ohio
History & Genealogy

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Source:
History of Trumbull & Mahoning Counties
with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches
Vol. I
Publ. Cleveland: H. Z. Williams & Bro. 1882

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Chapter XII
MILITIA ORGANIZATION AND WAR OF 1812
pg. 83
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The Need of Watchfulness - Hull's Surrender - General Wadsworth and Perkins go to the Front

     Behind the fringed border of settlement and frontier cabins was a power which gave constant apprehension of danger.  Although weakened by defeat at Fallen Timbers and pledged to peace by Wayne's treaty at Greenville, in 1795, there was reason for distrusting the Indians, and every able-bodied man held himself in readiness for defense at any time.  An Indian is always prepared for war.  The tools with which he secures his daily food are his implements in battle; he needs no commissary, the trees are his fortifications and hidden forest paths his army roads.
Besides his slyness and shyness and deep-seated hatred of the whites there were active influences at work which made the situation especially alarming.  The revolution and treaty of 1783 was not a final settlement of affairs between England and the United States.  The British crown had been forced to recognize American independence, but continued to cherish jealous resentment and neglected no opportunity to throw obstacles in the way of the young nation's growth.  The Indian tribes of the West were found ready and useful instruments in carrying out this line of public policy.  British agents were tireless in their efforts to incite insurrection and instigate savage cruelty as a means of checking the growth and development of the North west.  By making the Indian warriors a standing army of enemies to the United States England preserved a formidable ally when the inevitable conflict should come.  The magnificent and complete success of Wayne's expedition frustrated for a time these inhuman foreign intrigues.  But jealousy is an active force and while it exists cannot long be restrained.
     The rapid progress of western settlement was explained to the Indian to mean the extinction of his race.  His pride, his prudence, and his hope were appealed to in persuading him to rally once more to the defense of his home and hunting ground.  British agents found in Tecumseh an agent whose talents made him able, and whose ambition made him willing to serve their purpose.  As early as 1805 this wily chief began to organize a confederacy of tribes, ostensibly at first for the purpose of effecting much-needed reforms.  He sought to soften tribal prejudices and to re-establish original manners and customs. By reuniting hostile nations his influence became almost imperial.  He was unceasing in his toil.  His reputation as a sagacious counselor and warrior secured for him everywhere considerate at tention.  Having succeeded in effecting a general union, he proceeded to his second step in a manner which compliments his cunning.  Superstition was summoned to his aid.  The Prophet, his brother, began to dream dreams and see visions.  The fame of his divine commission spread throughout the forest, and believing pilgrims received British teaching at the shrine of the Prophet.  Meanwhile, Tecumseh's activity was

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FIRST REGIMENT.

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

Captain Nathaniel King
Captain George W. Hawley
Captain Martin Smith
Captain Solomon Griswold
Captain James A. Harper
Captain Charles Parker
Captain Josiah Cleveland
Captain Lorenzo Carter
Lieutenant Seth Harrington
Lieutenant Stephen Brown
Lieutenant David Randall
Lieutenant Thomas Martin
Lieutenant Ebenezer Hewens.
Lieutenant Joel Paine
Lieutenant Jedediah Baird
Lieutenant Nathaniel Drane
Ensign Daniel Sawtell
Ensign John Henderson
Ensign Zopher Case
Ensign Skene Sackett
Ensign George Caldwell
Ensign Ela S. Clapp
Ensign Lyman Benton
Ensign Samuel Jones

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SECOND REGIMENT

Captain Homer Hine
Captain eli Baldwin
Captain John Struthers
Captain Barnabas Harris
Captain George Todd
Captain Samuel Tylee
Captain James Applegate
Captain George Phelps
Captain William Bushell
Captain Henry Rodgers
Captain Thomas Wright
Captain Ezra Wyatt
Captain John Oviatt
Lieutenant Aaron Collar
Lieutenant Josiah Walker
Lieutenant John Russell
Lieutenant James Lynn
Lieutenant Moses Latta
Lieutenant Edward Schofield
Lieutenant Henry Hickman
Lieutenant James Heaton
Lieutenant Daniel Humison
Lieutenant John Diver
Lieutenant William Chard
Lieutenant Gersham Judson
Lieutenant Aaron Norton
Ensign Jacob Parkhurst
Ensign Nathaniel Blakesley
Ensign William Henry
Ensign James Struthers
Ensign Henry Hull
Ensign John Smith
Ensign John Elliott
Ensign John Ewalt
Ensign Ebenezer N. Combs
Ensign John Campbell
Ensign David Moore
Ensign Thomas Kennedy
Ensign James Walker

     The county of Trumbull was constituted one brigade.  The second brigade consisted of the then regiments from Columbiana and Jefferson counties.  Martin Smith and Lorenzo Carter were chosen majors for the first and second battalion respectively of the first regiment, and James Applegate and Henry Rodgers of the two battalions of the second regiment, all being promoted from the captaincy.  Between 1804 and 1812, owing to increase of settlement, the fourth division was divided into four brigades, commanded by Generals Miller, Beall, Perkins, and Paine.  The third brigade, commanded by General Simon Perkins, embraced the present counties of Mahoning, Ashtabula, and Trumbull; the fourth brigade (General Paine's) embraced all the Reserve west of the third.
     In 1812 Cleveland, Mansfield, and Urbana were the frontier towns in Ohio.  There were a few scattered settlements west of the Cuyahoga
in the Reserve, but they were totally unable to make defense, even against the Indians.
     General Perkins' brigade consisted of three regiments, commanded by Lieutenant-colonels William Rayen, J. S. Edwards, and Richard Hayes.  The Ohio militia before the War of 1812 followed the example of the Continental establishment after the Revolution, and had no colonels, the command being vested in lieutenant-colonels, who by courtesy were generally called, except in official correspondence, colonels.  The regiment numbered about five hundred men. Congress, anticipating war, passed an act in February, 1812, increasing the United States army.  It provided for a regiment of volunteers from Ohio and Kentucky, of which Samuel H. Wells was commissioned colonel, and John Miller, of Steubenville, lieutenant-colonel.  George Tod was subsequently appointed major of the regiment, which was listed as the Seventeenth United States.  Tod previous to his commission in the regular army had been brigade-major and inspector to General Perkins.  The news of the war preparations caused considerable apprehension on the frontiers on account of the open hostility of the Indians.  General Perkins' first significant document was the following:

BRIGADE ORDERS,

Third brigade, Fourth division, Ohio militia, issued 28th of April, 1812, to Lieutenant-colonels William Rayen, Richard Hayes and John S. Edwards.

     SIR: You are hereby required to cause to be raised within the regiment over which you have command, if they can be raised by voluntary enlistment, twenty-three good and able bodied men, to serve in the service of the United States as a detachment from the militia of this State.  If that number of men cannot be attained by voluntary enrollment, you are required to cause to be raised by draft and on your regiment thirteen men of the above description, to be taken from the respective companies composing the same, in proportion to the numbers in each. In whatever way the detachment from the Third brigade, Fourth division, Ohio militia, may be raised, it is to be officered in the manner as the law directs.  On the execution of this order, you are to make the brigadier of the aforesaid brigade a return of the men enrolled or drafted by the 9th day of May next.  The above order is issued in consequence of recent and pressing orders from the President of the United States, through the major-general of Fourth division of Ohio militia.  The detachment from your regiment shall rendezvous at some convenient place in your regiment, as you shall order, on the 14th of May next, when it will receive further orders.
     The above orders are to be executed with the greatest possible promptitude and dispatch.
     For information you are referred to a statute of the United

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States, passed the 6th day of February, 1812, entitled: “An act authorizing the President of the United States to accept and organize certain volunteer military corps," likewise to the statute of the State of Ohio regulating the militia thereof April 27, 1812.  By order of

                                                                                 SIMON PERKINs, brigadier.
          George Tod, brigade major and inspector.

MORE TO COME..

 

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